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Newborn Subsample ( N = 292)
Maternal Subsample ( N = 110)
Matched Maternal–Fetal Unit Pairs Subsample ( N = 76)
N (%) or Mean (SD)
N (%) or Mean (SD)
N (%) or Mean (SD)
Maternal Age at Enrollment, years
Mean (SD)
34 (5.0)
33 (5.4)
34 (5.1)
Gestational age at delivery
Mean (SD)
39 (1.7)
39 (1.5)
39 (1.7)
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2 )
Mean (SD)
25 (5.1)
26 (5.6)
25 (5.2)
Maternal Education
Less than High School
25 (9%)
14 (13%)
4 (5%)
High School Degree or Some College
59 (20%)
24 (22%)
11 (14%)
College Degree
81 (28%)
34 (31%)
28 (37%)
Graduate Degree
127 (43%)
38 (35%)
33 (43%)
Maternal Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White
126 (43%)
46 (42%)
40 (53%)
Non-Hispanic Black
10 (3%)
4 (4%)
2 (3%)
Asian/Pacific Islander
62 (21%)
16 (15%)
14 (18%)
Latina
85 (29%)
39 (35%)
17 (22%)
Other
9 (3%)
5 (5%)
3 (4%)
Parity
No Prior Births
162 (55%)
52 (47%)
40 (53%)
One or More Prior Births
130 (45%)
58 (53%)
36 (47%)
Abbreviations : SD Standard deviation
Note: There are 326 pregnant participants, of which there are 76 matched maternal–fetal unit pairs