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Sirajdikhan (N = 879)
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Pabna (N = 727)
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All mothers (N = 1176)
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Years of age, visit 1a
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22.8 ± 4.1
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23.0 ± 4.2
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22.9 ± 4.2
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Education levelb
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< Secondary education
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446 (51%)
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335 (46%)
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781 (49%)
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≥ Secondary education
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431 (49%)
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389 (54%)
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820 (51%)
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BMI, visit 1 (kg/m2)
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21.0 ± 3.3
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20.0 ± 2.9
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21.0 ± 3.0
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Financial provider’s monthly income (taka)
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Unknown
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9 (1%)
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23 (3%)
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32 (2%)
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0–2000
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5 (1%)
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10 (1%)
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15 (1%)
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2001–3000
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39 (4%)
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197 (27%)
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236 (15%)
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3001–4000
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178 (20%)
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222 (31%)
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400 (25%)
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4001–5000
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328 (37%)
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167 (23%)
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495 (31%)
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5000–6000
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190 (22%)
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63 (9%)
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253 (16%)
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> 6000
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129 (15%)
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44 (6%)
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173 (11%)
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Gestational weeks, visit 1
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11.1 ± 3.1
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11.4 ± 3.0
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11 ± 3.0
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Gestational weeks, visit 2
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28.6 ± 1.8
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29.3 ± 1.9
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28.9 ± 1.9
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Environmental smoke exposure
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No
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555 (63%)
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370 (51%)
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925 (58%)
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Yes
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322 (37%)
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356 (49%)
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678 (42%)
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Number of glasses of water drank per day
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7.7 ± 2.3
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7.7 ± 2.4
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8 ± 2.0
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Drinking water arsenic exposure categories
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Quartile 1: ≤0.89 μg/L
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309 (35%)
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92 (13%)
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401 (25%)
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Quartile 2: 0.89–2 μg/L
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397 (45%)
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24 (3%)
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421 (26%)
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Quartile 3: 2–33 μg/L
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103 (12%)
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278 (38%)
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381 (24%)
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Quartile 4: > 33 μg/L
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69 (8%)
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332 (46%)
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401 (25%)
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Drinking water arsenic (μg/L), visit 1
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12.1 ± 47.4
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79.5 ± 131
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42.6 ± 101
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Median
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1.4
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27.0
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2.0
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Drinking water arsenic (μg/L), one-month post-partumc
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6.8 ± 32.5
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78.9 ± 133
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42.7 ± 103
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Median
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1.0
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26.0
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1.8
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Maternal toenail arsenic (μg/g), visit 1
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2.2 ± 3.2
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4.8 ± 5.9
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3.4 ± 4.9
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Median
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1.1
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2.5
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1.7
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Maternal toenail arsenic (μg/g), one-month post-partumd
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1.8 ± 3.6
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3.6 ± 4.2
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2.7 ± 4.0
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Median
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0.7
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2.0
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1.2
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Daily dietary folate intake (μg)
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268 ± 96.7
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396 ± 103
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327 ± 118
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Daily dietary protein intake (g)
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131 ± 47.9
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219.3 ± 60.0
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172 ± 69.6
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Daily energy intake (kcal)
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3195 ± 978
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3234 ± 763
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3214 ± 885
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- a Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation
- b Categorical variables are presented as number of participants (percentage)
- c Pearson’s correlation of drinking water arsenic concentration between the first visit and one-month post-partum is 0.72 (p < 0.0001)
- d Pearson’s correlation of toenail arsenic concentration between the first visit and one-month post-partum is 0.84
